Early blight

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers

Fusarium wilt

oxysporum is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent Fusarium

Application

Corn rootworm

year. The pest overwinters in the soil in the egg stage. Egg hatching start in the middle of May and continues until the begin of July, with the presence [...] present in many European countries, including Italy, where it is widespread in the maize-growing areas in the north. Maize is the only crop in which high [...] feeding, although it is the former that causes the most extensive damage. The larvae feed on the rootlets and dig tunnels in the larger roots. This leads

Southern European marshland pyralid

caterpillars often stay in the lower strata of the crop, sometimes attacking the stem of the plant as well as the leaves. Late instar larvae burrow into soft [...] overlapping in a tile-like fashion on both the upper and lower surface of leaves close to the veins, or low on the stem or stalk close to the ground. The pinkish [...] s are found in webs, preferably in damp, humid places and are thus mainly found low in the crop, often in decaying organic material on the ground or substrate

Impatiens thrips

americanus is often found low in the crop. In sweet pepper the damage can be seen as discolouration of older leaves at the bottom of the plant. [...] egg to adult on the plant, specifically on the leaves. Eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue, while subsequent stages are found on the upper- and undersides [...] undersides of the leaf. Pupation occurs on the leaf rather than on the ground. The prepupae and pupae remain immobile on the leaf tissue. Adults are found

Citrus mealybug

poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics on outdoor crops. The insect causes damage especially in fruit trees and [...] photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient to render the product [...] harmful viruses. Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation

Japanese beetle

about 15-20 cm deep in the soil. In early spring, when the soil temperatures increase, the grubs move closer to the surface and resume feeding on plant [...] on the A2 list of the European Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). To prevent its further spread in Europe, occurrences outside the known area in Italy [...] occurs in an earthen cell formed by the mature larva. The pupa, which is approximately 14 mm long and 7 mm wide, resembles the adult beetle, except the wings

Onion thrips

develops in six stages: egg, two larval instars, prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves [...] head and bright red eyes. The colour of the adult depends on the food source. Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can [...] patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll.

Long-tailed mealybug

photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient to render the product [...] mealybug The long-tailed mealy bug is easily recognized by the long, posterior tail filaments, which are at least the length of the body itself. The length [...] length of the other filaments is roughly half the width of the body. The female is 3 - 4 mm long. Reproduction in Pseudococcus longispinus , may be sexual or