Spotted Wing Drosophila

mm. Males are smaller than females. They can be easily distinguished from males of other Drosophila species or SWD females by a large dark spot on each [...] each wing, where their common name is derived from. Females have a strong saw-like ovipositor that is used to penetrate the skin of the host fruit and for [...] tan-brown and 3 mm long. Contrary to other Drosophila species , D. suzukii females lay their eggs into healthy, unripe fruits. The larval development takes

European red mite

General As the name implies, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi , is mainly a pest of fruit trees (apple, pear, plum and cherry). However, it can attack [...] in greenhouses. It originates from Europe (as can be seen from the common name, European red mite) but is now distributed in all important apple growing [...] bottom, with a thin stalk on top. They look a bit like an onion. Adult females are about 0.4 mm long, brick red, and oval shaped with white hairs on their

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Mealybugs and scales

bugs ). Coccoidea are at first sight barely recognizable as insects. The females are wingless and immobile, and covered with a hard scale (armoured scales [...] honeydew. The concealed habit and the protective covering of these insects mean that they are very well protected against natural enemies and also against [...] viruses. Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways: nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation

Poultry Red Mite

millions of dollars in egg industry losses every year. Despite its common names, Dermanyssus gallinae can parasitize a wide range of hosts, including mammals [...] extreme cases. Life cycle and appearance of Poultry red mite Belied by its name again, the poultry red mite is only red following a recent blood meal, otherwise [...] life stages: egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. After mating, female mites lay 4–8 eggs per day over a period of three days, taking a blood meal

Grey mould

(drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil. Damage symptoms As the name suggests, grey mould’s ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) most [...] ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is a necrotrophic fungus, meaning that it excretes compounds that kill the plant cells and then uses the content

Bacterial canker of tomato

General Clavibacter is a quarantine organism in Europe, which means that strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional [...] especially when cutting the tubers. This discolouration is round, hence the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter

Damping-off

General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] growth. Seedlings start falling over, also called ‘damping-off’, hence the name damping-off disease. In slightly older plants, the leaves lose their turgor

Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Hypoaspis miles)

predatory mite Stratiolaelaps scimitus is also known under the scientific name Hypoaspis miles . It is a soil-dwelling predatory mite occurring naturally [...] feed. Nymphs and adults prey mainly in the upper 1-2 cm of the soil. Adult females consume up to 4.5 thrips pupae per day. Life cycle of Stratiolaelaps scimitus [...] clearly visible brown dorsal shield, brown legs, and brown mouthparts. The females are larger than the males, and have a white stripe on the rear end of the

Two-spotted spider mite

are mainly red-brown). Both males and females usually have two large black spots, giving rise to the common name, “two-spotted spider mite”. The spots [...] spider mite Two-spotted spider mites are small and have eight legs. Adult females are about 0.5 mm long. They have an oval body that is rounded at the rear [...] red, brown, or almost black. Males are smaller and more active than the females, with a body that is narrower and more pointed at the rear. Colour is very