• European corn borer

  to brownish and dark spots with a pale centre at the base of the hairs. The head is brown to brownish black. The pupae are up to 2 cm long and light to dark [...] reddish brown. In Europe, adults appear in June. The eggs are laid mainly on the underside of leaves. The larvae initially feed on the leaves and then bore [...] pupate in situ in the galleries or in the soil. Fully grown larvae overwinter inside their tunnels in stubble, stalks and maize ears, or in wild plants.

• Crane flies

  Eggs are black in colour, oval, 1mm long and deposited on the soil surface. Larvae are cylindrical, tapering toward the head, and grey-brown in colour [...] one week and then feed on roots and crowns of grasses during the autumn.. Larvae overwinter in the soil, usually in the third instar stage. and start feeding [...] again in spring. They become active again and feed voraciously when the soil begins to warm up in spring. The larvae pupate below the soil surface in summer

• Fusarium spp.

  branch off the tap root. F. oxysporum grows inside the roots towards the foot of the plant and enters the vascular system. Inside the vessels, the fungus produces [...] blocks the xylem and causes the wilting which is the main symptom of this Fusarium species. Higher up in the plant, the microconidia germinate and infect [...] causes foot and/or root rot of the infected host plant, and the disease may manifest as wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves

• Beet armyworm

  during the day and is active only at night. The forewings are grey-brown suffused with a dark brown or black. The head and thorax are brown and the abdomen [...] caterpillars, the damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. This often leads to the entire contents being consumed. In ornamental [...] even black. The colour and pattern of the caterpillars is highly variable and depends partly on the host plant, the stage of development and the climate.

• Cotton aphid

  including the cucumber mosaic virus. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s [...] if the infestation occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth and defoliation reduce yield. Plant sap is rich in sugars [...] honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental crops and rendering them unsuitable for market. At the same time, photosynthesis in the leaves is reduced, affecting

• Common asparagus beetle

  yellow spots. Eggs are oval and black to greenish brown and laid singly or in rows of 3 to 10 eggs, standing perpendicularly on the branches and leaves [...] which may contaminate the plant. Life cycle and appearance of Common asparagus beetle The life cycle of the asparagus beetle has the following stages: egg [...] instar and the adult beetle. Adult common asparagus beetles ( Crioceris asparagi ) have a shiny blue head, black antennae and a red thorax. The elytra

• Black leg of seedlings

  irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or [...] enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards them through the soil water [...] lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly

• Cutworms

  Agrotis spp.) are occurring worldwide. Important species are for instance the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon and the turnip moth Agrotis segetum . The larvae of [...] will occasionally tunnel into the growing stalk, disrupting the sap flow in the plant. Life cycle and appearance of Cutworms The adults of Agrotis spp. have [...] 40-55 mm and the dorsal thorax is covered with close-lying hairs. The eggs are white at first but rapidly turn darker. They are laid separately or in batches

• Onion thrips

  develops in six stages: egg, two larval instars, prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves [...] petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are inserted into the plant tissue with a saw-like ovipositor. Larvae are light to yellowish green in colour [...] a large head and bright red eyes. The colour of the adult depends on the food source. Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) usually pupate in the ground, although

• Damping-off

  irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or [...] enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards them through the soil water [...] lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly