Citrus mealybug

filaments. Their sole task is to fertilize the females and as soon as a male emerges from its cocoon, it goes in search of a female. A fertilized female lays [...] development. After the second instar, a male nymph forms a dark brown ‘prepupa’ from which a pupa rapidly develops, inside a white cottony cocoon. Females undergo [...] defoliation. The overall effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low

Grey mould

General Grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is a commonly found fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs [...] into the plant. Grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is a necrotrophic fungus, meaning that it excretes compounds that kill the plant [...] area, new spores are formed within a few days. Under circumstances unfavourable for germination, the spores can survive a few days on the plant surface and

General Conditions Koppert

confirmation is signed by a person who is authorized to enter into the agreement; b. by the reaching of a written consensus on an order form which is used [...] the Buyer is in breach without any further notice of default. 6.7 s soon as the Buyer is in breach, the Buyer is obliged to pay to Koppert A interest [...] interest. In addition, the Buyer is obliged to compensate Koppert in full for the losses Koppert suffers as a result of a fall in the exchange rate of the

Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

Nematodes can be applied using a watering can, an airblast sprayer, through a sprinkler system, with a backpack sprayer, or a vehicle-mounted spray unit To [...] Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is a species of beneficial nematode commonly used in biological pest control . These microscopic roundworms are parasitic [...] multiply and cause septicemia, ultimately killing the host within a few days. This species is particularly effective against insect pests such as larvae of

Bacterial canker of tomato

General Clavibacter is a quarantine organism in Europe, which means that strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional [...] if the crop is old, only the plants in the infected area, with a substantial buffer zone. Replanting can only take place after thorough disinfection has [...] tubers. This discolouration is round, hence the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne

Phytophthora blight

borders and white fluffy fungal growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually [...] s containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed that protrude through the stomata. Secondary infection is either by germinating sporangia [...] sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil

Damping-off

substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group of microorganisms and is therefore not a real fungus. It survives as oospores, resting spores

Powdery mildew

General Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that is caused by many different species of fungi such as Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula. Damage [...] fungus causing powdery mildew is extremely sensitive to water and ‘hides’ on the underside of the leaves. Therefore, this is where the colonies mostly occur [...] epidemics and spore dispersal by rain is negligible, since spores explode when in contact with water for no more than a few hours. Powdery mildew spores, either

Fusarium wilt

General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales may occur and cause different symptoms. Fusarium oxysporum is the only [...] mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection [...] seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant [...] tissue and causes a genetic change in the plant. How to prevent Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall Use clean propagation material Use a strict hygiene protocol