• Parasitic wasps

  begin to feed on the host pest. They consume the host from the inside, which ultimately leads to the death of the host. Pupal stage: After the larvae have consumed [...] emerges from the host's body or the cocoon. The host pest is typically killed in the process. Host feeding In addition to parasitization, some parasitic [...] as the use of harmful chemicals decreases. This, in turn, creates a more balanced ecosystem in the crop, which can enhance overall crop health and resilience

• Sciarid flies

  damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on the roots. The larvae feed mainly on decaying plant material and on algae and fungi present in the soil [...] material. They occur the whole year round. The eggs are minute (0.1 to 0.25 mm) and yellowish white in colour. They are laid on the ground surface close [...] plant roots. The larvae can grow to 5 to 12 mm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. They are legless and have a conspicuous black head. The head is equipped

• Fusarium wilt

  oxysporum is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed [...] First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem [...] when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years to come. Life cycle and appearance

• Phytophthora blight

  between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in [...] is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can [...] Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora blight Phytophthora species are very destructive organisms belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly

• Click beetles

  cycle and appearance of Click beetles Adult Agriotis sp. are 6-10 mm long and yellowish brown to black. The eggs are laid in May or June in groups in the [...] fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following spring [...] symptoms The click beetles feed on the roots and bore into the base of plants. This can cause the plants to wilt and die. Damage is more severe in young plants

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and causes [...] overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative growth occurs. Life cycle and appearance of Crazy roots [...] Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside the irrigation

• Tomato russet mite

  they may snap. The fruit can also be affected, and when this happens in tomatoes, the skin becomes coarse and turns reddish brown and the fruit itself is [...] (torpedo-shaped), soft and segmented. The body appears to be divided into two parts: the head with the mouthparts, and the rest of the body. All mobile stages [...] have four pairs. Eggs are roughly 0.05 mm in diameter and are laid on the underside of leaves, on leaf petioles, and on stems on the lower portion of plants

• Diamond back moth

  quite small and active. Except for the first instar, which mines in the leaf tissue, the larvae are voracious surface feeders. The pupae of the diamond back [...] toward the apex. The tips of the wings appear to turn upward slightly when viewed from the side. In males, the upper two-thirds of the forewings are dark [...] crevices near the bud. In cauliflower and broccoli, pupation may occur in the florets. Initially, the pupa is pinkish-white to pinkish-yellow and changes to

• Chafers

  long and reddish-brown in colour. The adult beetles fly in the evening, generally in June and July and land on trees to mate. During the night the females [...] General The chafers are beetles of the Scarabaeidae family. The larvae of both species live in the soil and feed on the roots of many plants. They are a serious [...] move to the ground to lay their eggs. Eggs are shiny and white. The eggs hatch after about four weeks and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae

• Horiver Wetstick

  s americanus Mode of action Insect pests are attracted to the colour of the sticky trap and get caught in the glue. Presentation Polysterene cards coated [...] wires or sticks at max. 30 cm above the crop and adjust height when plants are growing Do not place traps in-between the plants as parasitic wasps will then [...] 15-25 cm above the ground for young plants and 50 cm above the ground for mature plants Replace the traps when largely covered by insects and/or debris Dosage