• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is required. Inside the plant, the pathogens produce haustoria [...] brown. On the underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens [...] through the stomata or directly by penetrating the cuticula. For germination free water is required. For most downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around

• Rose aphid

  deep pink to red-brown. The antennae and sometimes the head is dark in colour. The siphunculi are black and bent outwards. The rose aphid usually overwinters [...] before reaching adulthood. With each moult they shed white skin, betraying their presence in the crop. Wingless females of the rose aphid are 1.7-3.6 mm [...] General The rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae , is a serious and often abundant pest of roses. It is virtually cosmopolitan and widely spread in Europe. Damage

• Greenhouse whitefly

  sugar, and the excess is excreted as honeydew, with larger larvae expelling large quantities. The damage that whiteflies cause to a crop is the result of [...] rods. This is called the pupa stadium and these pupae are found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult whiteflies [...] General The greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) is one of the major pests of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses throughout the world

• Apple

  introduced the tree to North America. The deciduous apple tree belongs to the rose family and is now cultivated for its fruit all over the world. It is the most [...] About The apple tree (often named Malus domestica by mistake) is best known for the apple, the tree’s usually sweet and pomaceous fruit. Apples originate [...] tri-colored cultivars. The skin of the apple is protected by a layer of epicuticular wax. Apples usually have a yellowish-white coloured exocarp. Sometimes

• Northern Corn Rootworm

  yellowish green in colour. They appear in late July and remain in corn fields until first frost. Females lay their tiny, white eggs in the soil at the base of [...] predominate in fields where corn is replanted every year. The rootworms undergo three larval instars then pupate in the soil near the corn roots in late June [...] corn in North America, with losses and management expenditures totaling over 1 billion dollars. In Eastern Canada, the northern corn rootworm is the most

• Lesser house fly

  puparium) in a week or more. Fannia puparia resemble the larval form, and the flies develop for another week before emerging as new adults. The lesser house [...] General The genus Fannia comprises almost 300 different species of fly, including the lesser house fly , the latrine fly and a whole host of other man [...] Fannia species can be found worldwide, from the arctic to the temperate neotropics, and they typically reproduce in feces, compost and carrion. These flies

• Southern European marshland pyralid

  within the crop or in another suitable spot in the vicinity. Pupation occurs in a cocoon made of webbing, frass and soil particles. The pupa itself is yellow-brown [...] caterpillars often stay in the lower strata of the crop, sometimes attacking the stem of the plant as well as the leaves. Late instar larvae burrow into soft [...] overlapping in a tile-like fashion on both the upper and lower surface of leaves close to the veins, or low on the stem or stalk close to the ground. The pinkish

• Cannabis

  Attracker) in combination with traps ( Deltatrap , Funnel Trap) or sticky traps (Horiver) play a crucial role in monitoring and scouting for plant pests in agriculture [...] Management (IPM) in cannabis Integrated pest management (IPM) is important when it comes to keeping cannabis plants healthy and productive. This is because cannabis [...] problems. Biological control is a key component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in cannabis cultivation. It involves the use of natural predators, p

• Western flower thrips

  General The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is currently the most damaging thrips species in many greenhouse crops. The western flower [...] insect. The eggs of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are inserted [...] occidentalis) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can also be found on leaves, in flowers or in other sheltered places. The prepupal and pupal instars

• Corn earworm

  ears of corn. The larvae feed on the hairs of the young corn and on the young kernels at the tip of the cob. During the third instar, the larvae turn c [...] cannibalistic, with only one caterpillar surviving, which will start to feed again on the tip of the cob, making holes in the corn. In other crops, they [...] necessary to open the crop to detect the pest. Life cycle and appearance of the corn earworm The eggs of corn earworm are a milky-white colour, which turn