Crop Protection

harm to the environment, non-target organisms, and human health. Biocontrol agents encompass a wide range of approaches, including the use of beneficial [...] residues on crops. This enhances food safety and reduces the risk of pesticide residues in the food chain, addressing consumer concerns about chemical exposure [...] impacts on the environment and non-target organisms, biological crop protection is both eco-friendly and sustainable, ensuring the health of crops without

Phytophthora blight

from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores [...] fungal growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling the stem. On potato [...] through the skin. The Great Famine was a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s.

Cottony soft rot

infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating [...] germinating sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host cells. On the infected plant tissue white, fluffy mycelium occurs [...] with new dark sclerotia. The fungus also infects seeds and tubers, thereby creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring

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Tobacco whitefly

peppers, yellowing of the flower stalks in gerbera, and serious yellowing of the leaves of French beans. Other symptoms include the appearance of chlorotic patches [...] adult. The larvae are found on the underside of young leaves and have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the [...] distinctively, the wings of the tobacco whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) are held vertical and parallel along the body. Damage symptoms The larvae of whitefly need

Limonica Ulti-Mite

not use in tomato. Mode of action Predatory mites reproduce within the sachet and gradually disperse into the crop over a period of several weeks. Using their [...] in the crop, not exposed to direct sunlight Sachets already have an exit hole Hold sachets by the cardboard strip at the top, to avoid damaging the predatory [...] Pests Larvae of various species of thrips (first and second larval stages); Eggs and larvae of greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) and cotton

Greenhouse whitefly

found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and [...] adult. The larvae are found on the underside of young leaves and have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the [...] quantities. The damage that whiteflies cause to a crop is the result of sucking out the sap from the plant leaves and secreting honeydew. This can have the following

Long-tailed mealybug

filaments, which are at least the length of the body itself. The length of the other filaments is roughly half the width of the body. The female is 3 - 4 mm long [...] it is widespread throughout the world. The range of host plants of Pseudococcus longispinus is less extensive than that of the citrus mealy bug but it n [...] an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Charac

Leaf miners

before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of leaf [...] belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves of plants [...] There are many species of leaf miner affecting various crops in temperate parts of the world. Under natural conditions, the larvae of these species are p

Broad mite

to the damage caused by viruses. The typical pattern of damage consists of malformation and distortion of the above-ground growth of the plant. The mites [...] lay their eggs mainly on the underside of the leaf or on the fruit surface. The elongated, oval eggs are firmly attached to the surface and are rather large [...] cycle of tarsonemid mites has the following stages: egg, larva, and adult. The larvae have three pairs of legs, adults possess four pairs. The last pair