• Long-tailed mealybug

  therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, [...] Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit [...] auxiliary buds and prefers a warm, humid environment. Damage symptoms Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract

• Potato aphid

  Various vegetable and ornamental crops grown in greenhouses are colonized, including tomato, aubergine and roses. Damage symptoms Nymphs and adults extract [...] Life cycle and appearance of Potato aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. When [...] occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth and defoliation reduce yield. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but has a low

• Click beetles

  are 6-10 mm long and yellowish brown to black. The eggs are laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start [...] the roots and bore into the base of plants. This can cause the plants to wilt and die. Damage is more severe in young plants. Life cycle and appearance [...] fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following

• Tobacco aphid

  evolved from the peach potato aphid in the Far East and is a key pest of tobacco crops in both the United States and South America. The tobacco aphid ( [...] is also encountered in a range of crops in greenhouses, such as sweet pepper, aubergine, chrysanthemum, and various pot plants and cut flower crops. Damage [...] Life cycle and appearance of Tobacco aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour.

• Glasshouse potato aphid

  above with lumpy leaves and curled leaf margins. The immediate effects of piercing by the aphids are visible in lower leaves in the form of yellow patches [...] Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. When reproduction is asexual, the young aphids [...] presence in the crop. The wingless adult stage of the greenhouse potato aphid is rather squat, of medium size (1.8 - 3.0 mm long) and oval in shape. It

• Tomato leaf miner

  leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In (sub-)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] has many host plants and has caused crop damage in many parts of the world, including North Africa, Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect [...] insect is found outdoors but in temperate regions it only occurs in greenhouses. The tomato leaf miner has been found in greenhouses for decades, but has

• Beet armyworm

  serious pest in greenhouses, where it feeds on ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, roses and potted plants. In both the greenhouse and the field [...] (Spodoptera exigua) lays its eggs in packets, sometimes in several layers, and on top of a mass of white, cottony hairs and scales from the moth’s body. The [...] damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. This often leads to the entire contents being consumed. In ornamental crops the worst damage

• Stable fly

  somewhere in Eurasia. Stable flies superficially resemble house flies, but are lighter in colour and have biting mouth parts. Both male and female flies [...] mammalian blood (particularly cattle and horses, humans, and pigs to a lesser extent). Although they are extremely common and exist worldwide, it is believed [...] feed on animal blood, and females must be engorged with blood to lay eggs. They are highly mobile insects and can travel up to 20 km in search of new hosts

• Flies

  soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer moist [...] problem in greenhouse and field crops, where they disturb plant growth, spread diseases and affect crop hygiene. Their larvae can damage roots and growing [...] traps, lures, and attractants Insect traps Sticky traps Beneficial nematodes and predatory mites target fly larvae in the soil, while traps and attractants

• Black vine weevil

  a pest in many ornamental crops (e.g. rhododendron, cyclamen and azalea), as well as in strawberries and other fruit crops in both temperate and sub-tropical [...] they hide, and can often be found between the inside of a plant pot and its contents, under lumps of e, in vegetation and under planks etc . In temperate [...] larvae pupate in spring in the soil. The depth where the pupae can be found varies between 2 and 20 cm. Pupae are white to cream coloured and 7 - 10 mm long