• Phytophthora blight

  water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote g [...] cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are formed from the overwintering structures which infect the host. Zoospores are spores [...] Dispersal is by wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores

• Black leg of seedlings

  is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form so-called sporangia from which subsequently zoospores [...] usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures [...] typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Black leg

• Eretmocerus eremicus

  preventively soon after planting of the crop. Introduction rates typically range from 1-10 per m2/release. Releases should be repeated at least 3 times at weekly [...] immature whitefly nymphs, and upon hatching, the larvae consume the host from within. The larvae use their specialized mouthparts to feed on the internal

• Black bean aphid

  plant but can spread all over the plant. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s

• Broad mite

  in their larval cuticle. Mating occurs as soon as the adult female emerges from the larval cuticle. Tarsonemid mites have no eyes. Female broad mites (

• Aphidius matricariae

  wool slabs or in Diboxes Make sure the material remains dry and is not moved from its introduction site for at least a few days The dosage of Aphipar -M depends [...] preventively soon after planting of the crop. Introduction rates typically range from 0.25-4 per m 2 /release. Releases should be repeated at least 3 times. Consult [...] aphid’s body and siphon off its nutrients, effectively consuming the host from within. This feeding strategy is highly efficient, allowing the larvae to

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  Europe, which means that strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional infection is found, strict measures are taken [...] Potato growers lose their entire crop of the affected field and potatoes from other fields on the farm, are labelled as ‘suspect’ that year. On the infected [...] lavibacter infection, but other than that the disease is difficult to distinguish from wilting caused by other pathogens. On potato tubers, first discolouration

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection [...] bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection also takes place via wounds. After infection

• Tomato leaf miner

  distinguish from feeding spots. Larvae of Liriomyza bryoniae are transparent white, older larvae have a yellow head. When the larva hatches from the egg, [...] more commonly on the underside. The late third instar larva, that emerges from its tunnel just prior to pupating, is known as a prepupa. This stage lasts

• Encarsia formosa

  preventively soon after planting of the crop. Introduction rates typically range from 1-10 per m 2 /release. Releases should be repeated until control is achieved [...] female wasp lays her eggs inside the whitefly nymphs, which are then consumed from the inside out by the developing larvae. The larvae feed on the internal [...] in the pupal cuticle. It takes several hours before the wasp frees itself from its case. The female parasitic wasp is approximately 0.6 mm long, with a