• Thrips

  greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding and virus transmission cause leaf deformation, silvering and fruit damage, leading to reduced yield and marketability [...] growths, whereas on most other crops the egg deposition sites cannot be seen. Larvae and adults feed on all aerial parts of the plant and are fairly mobile [...] larvae begin to feed on plant tissue on the underside of the leaf. The larvae are smaller than the adults and lack wings. Depending on the species, thrips

• Aphids

  slow-moving and tend to cluster on the undersides of leaves, where they feed on plant sap. They may also be found on stems, buds, flowers and fruit. Damage: [...] remain unchanged and unsorted. The young aphids are born as developed nymphs and begin to feed instantly on plant sap. They grow rapidly and moult four times [...] pink, or red, depending on the species and their stage of development. Some species may have distinctive markings or stripes on their bodies. Movement:

• Corn rootworm

  densities can develop, and consequently it is susceptible to serious damage. Adults may also be found on Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae. Damage [...] by both larval and adult feeding, although it is the former that causes the most extensive damage. The larvae feed on the rootlets and dig tunnels in the [...] in colour and there are three black stripes on the wing covers. They emerge throughout the summer period with a peak between the end of June and the middle

• Fall Armyworm

  host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On maize, young larvae usually feed on leaves, creating a c [...] clusters of 150-200 and can lay up to 2000 eggs in a lifetime. Eggs are white, pinkish or light green and spherical, and are usually laid on the underside of [...] inverted Y-shaped mark on the front of the head and four large spots on the upper surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown and measure 13 to 17 mm

• Tomato russet mite

  Eggs are roughly 0.05 mm in diameter and are laid on the underside of leaves, on leaf petioles, and on stems on the lower portion of plants. When newly [...] are slightly curled and acquire a silvery sheen on the underside. Later they become brown and brittle. Badly affected tomato leaves and stems lose their trichomes [...] brown colour, and in serious cases they may snap. The fruit can also be affected, and when this happens in tomatoes, the skin becomes coarse and turns reddish

• Onion thrips

  throughout the world. It is found outdoors on many plants and particularly damaging on onions, leek, and in greenhouses on cucurbits, tomato, sweet pepper, eggplant [...] more developed wing buds and longer antennae that are curved back over the head. The prepupal and pupal instars do not feed and only move if disturbed. [...] surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of

• Shore fly

  feed on green algae. However, they can transmit plant diseases and can be a nuisance to greenhouse works by their sheer numbers. Frass deposited on leaves [...] or flowers in ornamental crops, lettuce and herbs also causes cosmetic damage, and sometimes this can occur on such a scale that growth, particularly of [...] vicinity of water. They feed on algae. Other shore fly species have diverse feeding habits but the larvae of most species feed on rotting material. Shore flies

• Two-spotted spider mite

  nymphs and adults also produce webs, and plants can get completely covered with such webs in which the mites live. The webbing and spotting on the leaves [...] depends on the crop in which they occur (e.g. on cucumbers they are often yellow-brown, on tomatoes they are mainly red-brown). Both males and females [...] large dark spots on their body. Movement: Spider mites are slow-moving and tend to cluster on the undersides of leaves, where they feed on plant sap. They

• Stable fly

  family that feed on mammalian blood (particularly cattle and horses, humans, and pigs to a lesser extent). Although they are extremely common and exist worldwide [...] house flies, but are lighter in colour and have biting mouth parts. Both male and female flies feed on animal blood, and females must be engorged with blood [...] insects and can travel up to 20 km in search of new hosts. Damage symptoms Stable flies typically congregate on the legs of livestock to feed, and the population

• Tobacco whitefly

  second, third and fourth larval stage (often referred to as ‘pupa’ although strictly spoken this is not true) and adult. The larvae are found on the underside [...] can wilt and fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes [...] tabaci ) belongs to the family Aleyrodidae , and the sub-family Aleyrodinae . This insect was first identified on tobacco in Greece in 1889, hence the name