Spotted Wing Drosophila

unripe fruits. The larval development takes place in the fruit. The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground. [...] Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits have not collapsed, the occurrence of larvae within the fruit makes them [...] tubes which stick out of the fruit. There are three larval instars and in the third instar the larvae are about 3.9 mm long. The pupae of Drosophila suzukii

Plant Disease Management

cause diseases in plants. The primary goal of biological control is to reduce the damage caused by these pathogens while minimizing the use of chemical [...] preventing the disease from spreading further. Crop rotation Crop rotation is a fundamental strategy, which means avoiding planting the same crop in the same [...] disease cycles and reduces the buildup of pathogens in the soil. Disease-resistant varieties Another vital aspect of prevention is the use of disease-resistant

Tobacco whitefly

tobacco in Greece in 1889, hence the name tabaci . It has subsequently been found in most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The original [...] of the larvae stadia remain flattened on the leaf. The fourth larva stadium develops into a yellow, almost circular so called pupa, in which the red eyes [...] wings of the adult are already clearly visible. These pupae are found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult

Yellow rose aphid

white skin, betraying their presence in the crop. The yellow rose aphid is holocyclic in North America (i.e. they mate in autumn and produce eggs to overwinter) [...] ornamental crops. At the same time, photosynthesis in the leaves is reduced, affecting production. The yellow rose aphid is also a vector of several viruses [...] and strawberries, in glasshouses in northern Europe or outdoors in warmer climates. Wingless yellow rose aphids have a brownish head; the body is bright yellow

Phytoseiulus persimilis

Vital Plus ). In this case the predatory mites multiply in the sachet and disperse into the crop over a period of several weeks. Hang sachets in sheltered [...] on spider mites. The quantity of prey consumed depends on the predator and prey populations, the sex and age of the predator, and the temperature and relative [...] disappears rapidly in the absence of suitable prey. When prey is in short supply, mainly adult females will leave the prey patch in search of other spider

Neoseiulus cucumeris

instance in sweet pepper crops as the predatory mite can establish itself in the crop before the pest appears. The success of predatory mites in controlling [...] Thripex-Plus ). In this case the predatory mites multiply in the sachet and disperse into the crop over a period of several weeks. Hang sachets in sheltered [...] ly or as soon as the first pest mites are detected in the crop. Use at least 4,000 sachets per ha and hang them evenly spaced in the crop. Release should

Amblyseius swirskii

often in the axil of veins. They are oval, white and are approximately 0.14 mm in diameter. The larvae have six legs, are the same colour as the eggs, [...] pollen, which is useful for instance in sweet pepper crops as the predatory mite can establish in the crop before the pest appears. Amblyseius swirskii mainly [...] use Push the centre of the cap to open the dosage hole Sprinkle material on leaves or pour into Diboxes Make sure the material remains on the introduction

Glasshouse potato aphid

deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves in the crop can cause [...] lumpy leaves and curled leaf margins. The immediate effects of piercing by the aphids are visible in lower leaves in the form of yellow patches. Heavy yellowing [...] presence in the crop. The wingless adult stage of the greenhouse potato aphid is rather squat, of medium size (1.8 - 3.0 mm long) and oval in shape. It

Neoseiulus californicus

persimilis in the complete absence of food, remaining in the crop to await the arrival of new prey. Life cycle of Neoseiulus californicus The developmental [...] white colour. In many cases the colour of the food ingested shines through the skin and shows up as an X-shaped marking on the back. If the food supply has [...] available in breeding sachets ( Spical-Plus , Spical Ulti-Mite ). In this case the predatory mites multiply in the sachet and disperse into the crop over

Mottled arum aphid

sexual stage in the life cycle. Wingless females of the mottled arum aphid are shiny whitish, yellowish or green with black cross bands behind the head, broken [...] excellent substrate for the growth of black sooty mould. Large areas of mould covering the leaves can reduce photosynthesis and also result in an unattractive [...] With each moult they shed white skin, betraying their presence in the crop. Reproduction of the mottled arum aphid is entirely by parthenogenesis, with un