Sciarid flies

are laid on the ground surface close to plant roots. The larvae can grow to 5 to 12 mm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. They are legless and have [...] Sciaridae. The species that cause most damage to crops belong to the genera Bradysia and Lycoriella . Lycoriella species are mainly found in commercial mushroom [...] head is equipped with biting-chewing mouth parts. Pupation takes place in a small hole in the ground. Pupae are white, but later become yellow to brown

Plant Pollinator interactions in high temperatures

Conclusion In cold climates, it is assumed that the proper management of bees is sufficient to ensure good pollination. The single biggest problem is that if there [...] the hive by 2 to 15° C, which can cause damage to the hive. In conventional greenhouses, the recommended humidity range is 60-75%. Due to better air movement [...] levels given in Watts. can be reduced if the humidity is too low or radiation is too high. Staying outside the gray and yellow areas in the table in figure

Integrated Pest Management

What is IPM? Integrated Pest Management, often referred to as IPM, is a sustainable and environmentally responsible approach to pest management. It employs [...] adjustments. The IPM cycle is an ongoing process that incorporates the principles mentioned above. It's a dynamic approach that adapts to changing conditions [...] and chemical tools to manage pests effectively. This approach is not just about eliminating pests; it's about achieving a balance in the ecosystem. The

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Tomato leaf miner

crop damage in many parts of the world, including North Africa, Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate [...] chrysanthemum and gerbera. Damage symptoms Leaf miners cause damage to plants both directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining [...] leaf tissue, leading to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In (sub-)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato

Broad mite

of legs in both males and females is different to the others and not used for walking. After moulting to the third larval stage the larvae stay in their [...] and ornamental crops. Damage symptoms The damage caused by the broad mite ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus ) can look similar to the damage caused by viruses. [...] network on the leaves. In case of a more serious infestation, this network becomes so dense that there is no more green tissue visible. In most cases, the main

American serpentine leaf miner

miners cause damage to plants both directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue, leading to desiccation [...] cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] and potato. In greenhouses, it is mainly found on gerbera and chrysanthemum. Today the insect is widespread across the whole world. Damage symptoms Leaf

Parasitic wasps

cocoon. The host pest is typically killed in the process. Host feeding In addition to parasitization, some parasitic wasps also engage in host feeding. This [...] What are parasitic wasps? Parasitic wasps are small insects that play a crucial role in natural pest control. They are called "parasitic" because they [...] methods to control pests: parasitization and host feeding. Parasitization Parasitization is the primary means by which parasitic wasps control pests in agriculture

Root rot of carrot

the disease forms circular to irregular spots on the leaves that vary in colour from grey to almost black. The spots appear to be sharply defined, but under [...] features hence is not easy to place it at the generic level. Årsvoll was the first to identify and describe the fungus in Norway, in 1965. An infection [...] prevalent black spot pathogens in Northwest Europe. Damage symptoms Rhexocercosporidium carotae is a slow-growing fungus that can infect both roots and foliage

Cabbage leafroller

cabbage leafroller (Clepsis spectrana) is native to North-West Europe. It is a highly polyphagous species causing damage to field grown cabbage, apple, pear [...] lateral stripes that are sometimes light in colour. The ventral surface is lighter than the dorsal, with hairs located in warty spots that are lighter than [...] inside fruit or flowers. It is these webs that cause the leaves to curl. Many of these webs are empty, and it is thought that the caterpillars probably make