Caterpillars

Biological control of caterpillars Caterpillars are highly destructive pests that feed on leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding reduces photosyn

Mealybugs and scales

Biological control of mealybugs and scales Mealybugs and scale insects are persistent pests that feed on plant sap, weakening crops and producing honeydew that leads to sooty mould. Infestations reduc

Whitefly

Biological control of whitefly Whiteflies are common pests in greenhouse and field crops, feeding on plant sap and transmitting harmful viruses. Their feeding weakens plants, causes leaf yellowing and

European corn borer

General The European corn borer ( Ostrinia nubilali s), is a severe pest of maize and has also been reported to attack apple, strawberries, peppers and other plants. It is present in Europe, North Afr

Sciarid flies

General Sciarid flies constitute the family of Sciaridae. The species that cause most damage to crops belong to the genera Bradysia and Lycoriella . Lycoriella species are mainly found in commercial m

Shore fly

General Shore flies of the genus Scatella are a common greenhouse pest found throughout the United States, Canada and northern Mexico. In Europe and Asia, the species Scatella stagnalis occurs widely.

Shore fly

General Shore flies ( Scatella tenuicosta ) occur very commonly, often in the vicinity of water. They feed on algae. Other shore fly species have diverse feeding habits but the larvae of most species

Leaf miners

Biological control of leaf miners Leaf miners are damaging pests that tunnel through leaves, reducing photosynthesis and weakening plant growth. Their feeding patterns cause visible leaf damage, lower

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