• Codling moth

  common in Europe. Damage symptoms After invading the fruit, the larvae first form a small cavity just under the skin. The entry hole can be seen and is usually [...] plugged by dry frass. The larva then burrows towards the core and eats a large proportion of the flesh, leaving behind brown frass. The entry point is then [...] Depending on the climate, there are one, two or more generations per year. The fully grown caterpillars of the last generation overwinter and pupate in spring

• Onion thrips

  prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They [...] patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When [...] to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey

• Western flower thrips

  causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop [...] a occidentalis) develops in six stages: egg, two larval instars, prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the western flower thrips (F [...] (Frankliniella occidentalis) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are inserted into the plant tissue with a saw-like ovipositor

• Rose aphid

  females of the rose aphid are 1.7-3.6 mm long and green or deep pink to red-brown. The antennae and sometimes the head is dark in colour. The siphunculi [...] cycle and appearance of Rose aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses [...] General The rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae , is a serious and often abundant pest of roses. It is virtually cosmopolitan and widely spread in Europe. Damage

• American serpentine leaf miner

  roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] toothed ovipositor, usually in the upper side of the leaf. Egg spots are oval and hard to distinguish from feeding spots. The larvae of Liriomyza trifolii are [...] tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting

• Potato aphid

  extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black [...] characteristic of the potato aphid and is particularly visible in the nymphs. Immatures have a light dusting of whitish-grey wax. The aphids instantly [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation

• Black bean aphid

  through the transmission of plant viruses. Infestations start usually at the younger parts of the plant but can spread all over the plant. Nymphs and adults [...] extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation

• Cotton aphid

  including the cucumber mosaic virus. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s [...] if the infestation occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth and defoliation reduce yield. Plant sap is rich in sugars [...] extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black

• Mottled arum aphid

  colonies of mottled arum aphids can greatly reduce plant vigour and kill the plant through sucking of plant sap. However, also at lower densities the aphids [...] large amounts of honeydew, which provides an excellent substrate for the growth of black sooty mould. Large areas of mould covering the leaves can reduce [...] sexual stage in the life cycle. Wingless females of the mottled arum aphid are shiny whitish, yellowish or green with black cross bands behind the head, broken

• Lyprauta

  appearance of Lyprauta The adults of the three species can be distinguished by the wing pattern of adults. Adults of P. trinidadensis have a variation of dar [...] slender body. The head is brown or reddish. The pupae are white to yellow and embedded in a dense web. Adult flies are long and slender and have a dark brown [...] Especially the root tips are affected. They become black and start to rot internally. Just above the damaged area, the roots produce large numbers of new branches