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Powdery mildew

infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside of the leaf, because the fungus infects the plant by entering through the stomata [...] on the underside of the leaf. On the upper side, yellow spots are noticeable. In case of a severe epidemic, the fluffy colonies also appear on the upper [...] epidermal layer of plant cells. Most of the fungus remains on the outside of the plant surface. On the mycelium on the plant surface, new conidiophores are

Fusarium spp.

inside the vascular system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels, which can be seen when the stems are [...] ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium species is similar. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop residues of infected

Damping-off

during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system [...] survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from [...] at the start by using higher substrate blocks for the seedlings. In field crops: Avoid the use of fields with inadequate drainage or improve the drainage

Early blight

occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers [...] rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

show signs of wilting during the day which may disappear in the early stages of infection. Under conditions favourable for the bacteria, the whole plant [...] colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia [...] s roots on the stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is cut, bacterial slime oozes from the wound. This is the way to distinguish

Grey mould

cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus causes lesions [...] pruning wounds. These lesions may encircle the stem, so the part of the plant above the lesion wilts and dies. In vegetables and strawberry, grey mould ( [...] that it excretes compounds that kill the plant cells and then uses the content of the plant cells as nutrients. On the infected area, new spores are formed

Fusarium wilt

inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and [...] crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but [...] disinfection of tools, drippers, gutters etc. Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to

Cottony soft rot

infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating [...] range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) infection are water-soaked lesions at the stem [...] base. The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium