Black bean aphid

caused through the transmission of plant viruses. Infestations start usually at the younger parts of the plant but can spread all over the plant. Nymphs [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation [...] to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky

Cabbage moth

have a light network of markings. First instar larvae of the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) are gregarious, eating the edge of the leaves on which they [...] lay clusters of 20 to 100 eggs on the underside of leaves or elsewhere within the greenhouse structure. The eggs are initially light and translucent, becoming [...] In younger instars, the relatively large head capsule is conspicuous. In older instars, the lighter colour of the bands between the body segments gives

European red mite

generations in one year. The European red mite overwinters in the egg stage; the “winter eggs” are laid in the wooden parts of the host plants in autumn. [...] and appearance of European red mite The European red mite feeds mainly on the undersides of leaves but moves to upper leaf surfaces when the lower side becomes [...] spots (tubercles) at the base of the hairs; males are about 0.3 mm long, yellowish red, and more slender and tapered near the hind end. The development from

European corn borer

are laid mainly on the underside of leaves. The larvae initially feed on the leaves and then bore into the upper part of the maize plants. Later, second [...] turn yellow. The black head of the larva can be seen just before hatching. The eggs are laid in a mass and overlap like tiles on a roof. The average number [...] number of eggs per egg mass is 30. The larvae are up to 25 mm long; body pale purplish brown to brownish and dark spots with a pale centre at the base of the

Tomato leaf miner

to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate. A small percentage of the larvae remain hanging on the leaf [...] pupating, the grown larva cuts a sickle-shaped exit hole in the leaf with its mouth parts. After roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls [...] millimetres long. When the adult females feed or lay eggs, they bore a hole using their toothed ovipositor, usually in the upper side of the leaf. Egg spots are

Limonica Ulti-Mite

not use in tomato. Mode of action Predatory mites reproduce within the sachet and gradually disperse into the crop over a period of several weeks. Using their [...] in the crop, not exposed to direct sunlight Sachets already have an exit hole Hold sachets by the cardboard strip at the top, to avoid damaging the predatory [...] Pests Larvae of various species of thrips (first and second larval stages); Eggs and larvae of greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) and cotton

Yellow rose aphid

to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky [...] South America. It attacks plants of the family Rosaceae and is a pest of strawberries and roses. Life cycle and appearance of Yellow rose aphid Aphids have [...] Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to

Mottled arum aphid

large amounts of honeydew, which provides an excellent substrate for the growth of black sooty mould. Large areas of mould covering the leaves can reduce [...] colonies of mottled arum aphids can greatly reduce plant vigour and kill the plant through sucking of plant sap. However, also at lower densities the aphids [...] sexual stage in the life cycle. Wingless females of the mottled arum aphid are shiny whitish, yellowish or green with black cross bands behind the head, broken

Onion thrips

black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When infestations become serious [...] eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are inserted into the plant tissue with a [...] head and bright red eyes. The colour of the adult depends on the food source. Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can

Cutworms

Important species are for instance the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon and the turnip moth Agrotis segetum . The larvae of these moths usually feed on roots [...] capable of laying several hundred eggs. There are six to seven larval stages. Pupation takes place in the ground. Depending on the temperature, the development [...] usually observed as a cutting of young seedlings, often causing death of the cut seedlings. Sometimes wilting is observed because of partial cutting. A larva