• Plant Pollinator interactions in high temperatures

  n, use of air-cooling systems, use of evaporation systems. During periods of hot weather, when the temperature exceeds 30° C for large parts of the day [...] environmental temperature: Impact of radiant heat and humidity A glasshouse air temperature of 30° C at a humidity of 80% can still results in good pollination [...] an intensity of no more than 400 watts. The table in figure 3 gives a representation of what the best conditions are for pollination. Of course, these

• Tomato leaf miner

  tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable crops, however, a considerable quantity of foliage can get damaged [...] feeding spots. Life cycle and appearance of Tomato leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: egg, three larval instars, a pupal instar [...] adult females feed or lay eggs, they bore a hole using their toothed ovipositor, usually in the upper side of the leaf. Egg spots are oval and hard to

• Neoseiulus californicus

  arrival of new prey. Life cycle of Neoseiulus californicus The developmental stages are the same as for other members of the Phytoseiidae family: egg, larva [...] length. The eggs are oval, transparent to white in colour and are deposited on the underside of the leaves. They are smaller than those of Phytoseiulus [...] similar to eggs of other predatory mites like for instance Amblyseius swirskii or Amblydromalus limonicus . The larvae have three pairs of legs and, unlike

• Impatiens thrips

  leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When infestations [...] able to spread as a consequence of the trade in foliage plants. Impatiens thrips (Echinothrips americanus) has a wide range of hosts. In addition to many [...] greenhouses. Life cycle and appearance of Impatiens thrips Impatiens thrips (Echinothrips americanus) develops in six stages: egg, two larval instars, prepupa,

• Stable fly

  small (~1 mm long), white, sausage-shaped eggs (singly, or in bunches of 25–30) in humid areas with large amounts of decaying organic matter, such as compost [...] females must be engorged with blood to lay eggs. They are highly mobile insects and can travel up to 20 km in search of new hosts. Damage symptoms Stable flies [...] typically congregate on the legs of livestock to feed, and the population size can be assessed by counting the number of Stomoxys on the animals’ front legs

• Northern Corn Rootworm

  tiny, white eggs in the soil at the base of corn plants in late summer/early fall and each can lay up to 300 eggs. Northern corn rootworm eggs remain dormant [...] roots. Certain populations of this species have evolved a resistance to crop rotation through prolonged diapause; the eggs of “semivoltine” Diabrotica barberi [...] adult Diabrotica barberi can feed on a variety of plants, their larvae survive exclusively on the roots of corn. This allows producers to control infestation

• Pepper weevil

  significant damage occurs with the loss of fruit, whether they fall to the ground or contain holes where eggs are laid or adults were hatched. Meanwhile [...] begin to copulate and subsequently lay eggs in the flowers or immature fruit. On average, a female weevil lays 341 eggs over the full oviposition period, which [...] When they hatch inside an immature fruit, they move towards the middle of the mass of young seeds; whereas, when they hatch inside the flower bud, they feed

• Tarnished plant bug

  feed, they lay their eggs on crop stems and, if the weather is warm enough, can produce up to three generations per year. The eggs of Lygus lineolaris are [...] especially common across the eastern half of the continent, from northern Canada to southern Mexico. It is one of the most damaging Hemiptera species, known [...] edges of nurseries, and destroying favourable overwintering sites. Damage symptoms Lygus bug adults and nymphs attack the seeds, buds and flowers of plants

• Southern European marshland pyralid

  the daytime. Eggs are laid singly or in groups of 5 to 10 eggs, overlapping in a tile-like fashion on both the upper and lower surface of leaves close [...] forewing. The end of the remarkably long abdomen bends upward almost vertically, with the abdomen of males often being longer than that of females. Another [...] the egg. The full-grown caterpillars are 20 to 30 mm long and have a creamy white colour. Along the dorsal surface of the body there are pairs of dark

• Japanese beetle

  and sometimes kills the plants. Life cycle and appearance of Japanese beetle Newly-laid eggs of the Japanese beetle are about 1.5 mm long, pearly white and [...] soon follows. The average lifespan of a female is 30-45 days, during which she may lay 40-60 eggs. Eggs hatch in about 2 weeks, and the young larvae begin [...] foliage is the most common symptom of feeding by the adult. The beetles generally feed from the upper surface of leaves, chewing out the tissue between